These guidelines should be used for ENGA14 papers. HTML versions should use the style of the [former] TRENPK5 template, which is further described in Basic Principles of Good Web Page Design.

1. Write your paper in the third person. The first person may be used in Author Notes or Appendices, but not in the paper text.

2. Do not use a separate title or 'cover' page. Follow the template style with the title and author name at the top of the first text page. Choose a title which clearly describes your intended treatment of the topic. After each draft, check to ensure that your title and content match.

3. Underneath the title, beside your name, put the term and year in which you have written the paper and the USA/GB language designation as appropriate.

4. Do not use a Table of Contents. These are often useful for longer papers (for example, a Master's thesis), but are seldom practical for "shorter" papers such as this one, particularly for html editions.

5. Submit initial drafts of your paper as WORD printouts. With these drafts, please print only on one side of the paper and do NOT staple the pages together, as this will greatly simplify the papers' markup and discussion. Please also number your pages (handwritten numbers are also acceptable).

6. Note carefully the following structural aspects of the paper:

   1. Papers will have at least three basic 'sections': an (1) introduction which outlines the points to be discussed and the relevance (see below) of your paper; the (2) body, which establishes the foundation for and then systematically develops these points, and a (3) conclusion, which briefly summarizes the points you have discussed and your summary findings.

      [The introduction must clearly identify your research question(s) (which should be in question format). The research question provides the focus for what your paper will discuss and why you are discussing it. The body of the paper will then review source material relevant to your topic (research question) and develop your explication of the topic. The conclusion summarizes how the body of your paper has addressed and answered the research question(s) posed in the introduction.]

      Papers which include an independent research component might be thought to have a fourth section, in the sense that the research purposes, methodology and findings need to be explictly described, although technically the research component is integral to the body of the paper.

      Each paper will also have a Works Cited listing and normally also (author and/or bibliographical) Notes.

   2. The opening paragraphs, or introductory section, must clearly identify the research question, e.g. what you are writing about and why: it must establish the relevance of your topic to Finnish Institutions [for the FIN-1 course — or to the other course in question if the paper is not being written for FIN-1]. It must establish what new information or aspects of your topic the reader will learn by reading your paper. In other words, why should someone read your paper; what will they learn from it? What new information will you present? What difference will it make to know this? These points must be perfectly clear from the first few paragraphs.

   3. However, do not begin your paper with lengthy, awkward 'aims' or 'purposes' or 'attempts' of what you 'hope' to do. Rather, the title and opening paragraphs should present your intentions in a brief, informative and interest-attracting fashion. As examples of beginnings, see National Romanticism in Finnish Architecture and The History, Art and Architecture of Tampere Cathedral, among others.

      As seen from the above papers, rhetorical questions which 'set up' the content and subsequent conclusions are the preferred style for the introduction. See Finnish Maternity and Child-Care Clinics, Ansa Ikonen and Tauno Palo: Finland's Idolised Film Stars and the Nation's Icons, and Finnish Territorial Waters and Naval Surveillance as further examples.

   4. NB: Do not use "Introduction" as a section heading to label your introductory paragraphs. While you might do this for a much longer paper (which also had a cover page, table of contents, preface, etc., before the beginning of the text), it is self-evident for a shorter paper, the title of which appears immediately above, that the "introduction" will be those paragraphs immediately following the title.

   5. Also, do not cite source material in the introduction (or in the conclusion). Citations belong in the body, where you develop the idea(s) of your paper, based on the sources you have consulted. Any material mentioned in the introduction or conclusion must be covered in detail in the body; this is where the citations should appear. However, if you use short direct quotations for special effect in your introductory paragraphs, these of course must be cited. The paper on The Victims of the Finnish Civil War has an example of such a quotation.

   6. Section headings should clearly describe the content and logical relevance of the section which follows. Use fully descriptive section headings; one or two words will seldom suffice. [e.g. instead of just "History" something like "History of the Finnhorse in Military Hospital Transportation During the Winter War" would be much better. Better yet would be to put the section header in question form, such as "How Was the Finnhorse Used in Military Transportation During the Winter War?"].

      After each revision of your paper, check that your section headers [still] accurately describe the section's content. Informative section headers are essential for readers to easily follow the logical development of your ideas, or find particular sections of interest within the paper.

   7. Do not number sections of the text unless your paper is highly sequential and numbers are necessary to keep the order clear (rarely the case for FIN-1 papers). Otherwise, use bold-font section headings (for example use the <Hx> html command (e.g. <H4>), which will automatically double-space the section header from the text before and after, provide boldface, and be one size larger than the Arial 2 font used in the paper template. Numbers may be used to list examples, etc., within the text.

   8. Just as the opening paragraphs should not be labelled "Introduction," the concluding paragraphs should also not be labelled "Conclusion". Instead, use a descriptive section header which refers to the points of your concluding section.

7. Do not put hyperlinks to web sources in the body of the paper. Put source hyperlinks only in your Works Cited listing, and/or in Author Notes or Appendices, as appropriate. You may use internal hyperlinks from in-text citations to your Works Cited if you wish.

8. When polishing your html version, use your web browser's "Print Preview" to check that your paper will print with all details intact. If you have used images, tables, etc., in your paper this step is essential! The width of single images, tables, charts, etc., should not exceed 700 dpi when you are sizing them in HTML to avoid the distortion or loss of part or all of the image when printing. Images should be sized to be 'readable', but in aesthetic proportion to the text and 'economical' for printouts. Larger images should appear later in the paper, to allow time for them to 'load' while the reader is looking at your opening text. Do not place images in either the introduction or the conclusion.

9. All images (tables, etc.) should have explanatory captions (use a size 1 font) — even if the text has also referred to the image or table — as well as a source citation. If you have created your own image (table, chart, map, etc.) from data which was in another format, cite both the source of the data and yourself as the source of the image.

10. Citations should follow the MLA 'house style' as covered in the TRENPK6 Academic Citation and Documentation course and illustrated in the online paper archive.

11. Please ask if you have questions about the logic or procedure behind any of the above, or about layout, citations, etc. One of our main objectives is to learn proper procedure for academic writing and layout issues that will certainly arise again in future university work.