The last time Nancy Frausto invited a date over to her house, two of her
older brothers hovered eagle-eyed in the living room as they watched the
Home Shopping Network. The watchful older brothers were chaperoning their
little sister as she sat on the couch with her new boyfriend.
Although Frausto knew their intentions were good, she struggles with the
cultural beliefs of some Latino families who are overprotective of the
women in the household, especially the daughters.
"We ended up breaking up because of that," said Frausto, 18, a senior at
Eisenhower High School in south suburban Blue Island. "I can't even go to
church by myself. I have to take one of my brothers."
Latinas Have Special Issues in the U.S. Teen World
Teenage issues have long been the focus of popular magazines, from the
decades-old Seventeen to new arrivals like Teen People. But only recently
have social scientists and popular media recognized that within the teen
world, Latina girls have a special set of issues. While Latinas come from
a wide range of family backgrounds, social workers, counselors and priests
who work with young Latinas say relationships with parents, cultural
identity, bilingualism and questions of faith are some of the issues they
often confront.
What's more, Latina girls now make up the fastest-growing segment of the
teenage market. One barometer of the demographic change, as well as the
growing attention in the educational world to the concerns of Latinas, is
a new magazine called Latingirl, which debuted this month. The
English-language magazine addresses the bicultural lifestyle led by Latina
teenagers who are drawn to American popular culture but at the same time
share the traditions of their parents.
The magazine comes on the heels of other publications targeting the Latino
market, such as Latina, Latina Style and People En Espanol. But it is the
first national magazine in English to target Latina teens, who number 2.4
million nationwide.
"I see us filling a void that has been out there for too
long," said Lu Herrera, editor of the New Jersey-based publication
distributed in major U.S. cities with large Latino markets, including
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Miami and San Antonio. "We're about
putting our girls in our own magazine so when they open it they see a
mirror image of themselves."
Differences in Parental Authority Are Obvious
In Chicago, with its dramatically expanding Hispanic population, the
phenomenon plays out every day. One Latina teen told a counselor that her
parents are too strict when it comes to letting her spend the night over
at a friend's house or even going out with friends.
But when she watches television, she sees parents who are more liberal
than her own, like the father on the television program "Full House," who
allows his daughter to date at 13.
"She told me she wished her father could be more like the dad on `Full
House,' " said Minerva Esparza, a counselor at Latino Youth, a child
welfare agency serving the Pilsen and Little Village neighborhoods.
Many of the Latina teens Esparza counsels are not allowed to date until
they are 17 or older. And if they go out with a young man, they are
expected to stay in that relationship and eventually marry. But they would
prefer to date different boys, Esparza said.
"They are trying to assimilate in this country, but you have
parents trying to enforce their own values from their country," she said,
adding that these issues are more prevalent among the first-generation
Latinas they see in their community. "There's a big culture clash."
Counselors said some young Latinas have greater responsibilities at home,
such as baby-sitting for younger siblings while the parents work. If the
parents do not speak English, the teen may have to translate for them at
the bank or on visits to the doctor, Esparza said.
"They may feel like they are an older version of a teenager," Esparza
said. "They take on almost a parental role."
The Roman Catholic Church Aids with Cultural Adjustment
And for many Latino families, their traditional values are rooted in their
Catholic faith.
"(Catholicism is) viewed as patriarchal," said Rev. Esequiel Sanchez,
director of Hispanic ministry with the Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago,
and sometimes parents convey the idea that disobedience of parents is the
equivalent of disobedience to God-- using religion to "punish" their
children.
And even in second and third generations the teens may be missing the
message of their faith, in that some of the teens who do not speak Spanish
go to Spanish-language mass with their parents, Sanchez said.
To better reach Latina teens, different churches take them on retreats
before they turn 15, a milestone celebrated by more traditional Catholic
Latino families with a church service and party called a quinceanera.
"It's our way to ask very fundamental questions like: Who are you? What
kind of woman do you want to be?" Sanchez said, adding that issues beyond
faith, including family responsibility and peer pressure, surface in these
retreats.
The new magazine aims to tap into such issues of coping with strict
parents and cultural differences. It also will provide features on
positive role models for young Latinas, which are generally absent in
mainstream magazines.
This is important because some Latina teens have low self-esteem and
struggle in school, counselors said. Indeed, Latino boys and girls have
the highest high school dropout rate in the country.
"They think, `I can't be an engineer,' because they say, `I'm a nobody,' "
said Maria Matias, an academic counselor at Erie Neighborhood House in the
West Town neighborhood. "But we tell them that a Latina can be an
engineer, a doctor and more."
Matias oversees a program created five years ago for young Latinas at the
social service agency DIVAS. The 12-week program offers lessons on
self-esteem, nutrition, health education and career choices. Some of the
girls shadow professional mentors and take field trips, including one for
a makeover at a downtown department store.
Jennifer Pomales, 14, said she improved her study habits and computer
skills through the DIVAS program. "Now, I want to finish school," said
Jennifer, an 8th grader at Otis Elementary School.
Better Education and Open Communication as Keys to Success
To promote education, Latingirl is offering college scholarships
for Latinas graduating from high school. A survey conducted for the
magazine found that dropout rates aside more than 90
percent of Latina teens plan to go to a college or university.
Jorge Ruiz, who has a 16-year-old daughter, Michelle, said education is
the primary goal he has for his daughter. "The biggest obstacle we face is
that not enough of our young people are going to college," said Ruiz, a
Chicago public school teacher from the Lincoln Square neighborhood.
"But education should be the primary objective for us. My job is to make
sure my daughter is going to finish college and even obtain a master's
degree."
He also encourages open communication with his daughter, including frank
discussions about sex education and the dangers of drugs. "It's better
that she learn this in the home rather than on the streets," Ruiz said.
Silvia Frausto, Nancy's mother, agreed that finishing school also is
important for her daughter. But when it comes to child-rearing, it is
difficult to let go of her traditions and give her children too much
freedom.
"At times we think we are doing the correct thing, but our children don't
think it is," said Frausto, mother of six, who asks that her daughter
bring all her dates to the house. "It's hard living between the two
cultures, but as parents we can't let go of our roots."
Many Latina teens, like Crystal Calderon, 15, try to balance the best of
all cultures. She swaps posters from teen magazines with her friends;
Hanson and 'N Sync are among the favorites. At the same time, her parents
have instilled in her a sense of pride, reminding her that her grandfather
fought in the Mexican Revolution and that they are descendants of the
Tarascan Indians from Mexico.
"They want us to remember who we are and where we basically came from,"
said Calderon, a junior at Maria High School in Chicago.
Calderon said a magazine that focuses on Latinas is long overdue. Flipping
through the pages of other popular teen magazines in the high school
cafeteria, Calderon said she and her friends are not likely to see young
women who look like them.
Many of the models are best-described as waifs, and few, if any, are
Latina. Still, they eat up the pages of Seventeen, Tiger Beat and YM
because they are hungry for stories about their generation.
The premiere issue of Latingirl features an aspiring teenage fashion
designer, a teenage mother who has started her own flower-arranging
business and a Puerto Rican woman who made a television documentary.
"We want to see girls we can relate to, not people we should look like,"
Calderon said.